This interactive animation presents yearly Leiden subnetwork detection results for global merchandise export trade among 153 constant-case countries from 1993 to 2025. The subnetworks are based on corrected, harmonized trade data, with annual partitions selected from ten Leiden runs using the highest Reichardt–Bornholdt configuration quality score. Countries are displayed with consistent substantive labels and colors, and the legend updates dynamically to show only the subnetworks present in each year.

This interactive animation presents yearly Leiden subnetwork detection results for global merchandise import trade among 153 constant-case countries from 1993 to 2025. The subnetworks are based on corrected weighted, directed trade relations and final yearly partitions selected from multi-seed Leiden runs using the solution with the highest weighted modularity for each year. Countries are displayed with consistent substantive labels and colors, and the legend updates dynamically to show only the subnetworks present in each year.

This interactive animation presents the evolution of global merchandise import subnetworks from 1993 to 2025, based on bilateral trade data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The analysis includes a constant set of 153 countries and applies the Leiden community detection algorithm to annual directed, weighted import networks. Communities were identified using the Reichardt–Bornholdt configuration model with a resolution parameter of 1.0. To reduce sensitivity to random initialization, Leiden was run with 10 different random seeds for each year, and the partition with the highest optimization quality score was retained. The animation illustrates changes in the geographical composition of trade subnetworks, including the expansion of the China-centered community and changes in the U.S.- and Europe-centered communities. Smaller regional subnetworks are also identified where supported by the detected community structure. Authors: Sakin Erin and Paul Regier.

This animation presents Leiden subnetwork detection results for directed, weighted bilateral import trade among the set of countries identified as constant cases from 1993 to 2025, using IMF Direction of Trade Statistics. Subnet labels and colors are applied consistently across years to facilitate comparison. These labels are substantive interpretations of the detected communities rather than fixed algorithmic community numbers.

This animation presents Leiden subnetwork detection results for directed, weighted bilateral export trade among the set of countries identified as autonomous actors from 1993 to 2025, using IMF Direction of Trade Statistics. Subnet labels and colors are applied consistently across years to facilitate comparison. These labels are substantive interpretations of the detected communities rather than fixed algorithmic community numbers.

This animation presents Leiden subnetwork detection results for directed, weighted bilateral import trade among the set of countries identified as autonomous actors from 1993 to 2025, using IMF Direction of Trade Statistics. Subnet labels and colors are applied consistently across years to facilitate comparison. These labels are substantive interpretations of the detected communities rather than fixed algorithmic community numbers.

This animation presents Leiden subnetwork detection results for directed, weighted bilateral export trade among the constant set of countries from 1993 to 2025, using IMF Direction of Trade Statistics. Subnet labels and colors are applied consistently across years to facilitate comparison. These labels are substantive interpretations of the detected communities rather than fixed algorithmic community numbers.

This interactive animation shows how the structure of the global import trade network changed from 1993 through 2025 using a constant set of countries included throughout the study period. Countries are grouped into subnetworks using the Leiden community-detection algorithm applied to directed, weighted bilateral import data from the IMF. Each color represents a detected trade subnet in a given year, and the timeline allows viewers to follow changes in countries’ subnet memberships over time. Subnet numbers are algorithmic labels and should not be interpreted as fixed groups across all years.

This interactive animation shows how the structure of the global export trade network changed from 1993 through 2025 using a constant set of countries included throughout the study period. Countries are grouped into subnetworks using the Leiden community-detection algorithm applied to directed, weighted bilateral import data from the IMF. Each color represents a detected trade subnet in a given year, and the timeline allows viewers to follow changes in countries’ subnet memberships over time. Subnet numbers are algorithmic labels and should not be interpreted as fixed groups across all years.

This interactive animation shows how the structure of the global import trade network changed from 1993 through 2025. Countries are grouped into subnetworks using the Leiden community-detection algorithm applied to directed, weighted bilateral import data from the IMF. Each color represents a detected trade subnet for a given year, and the timeline allows viewers to follow changes in countries’ subnet memberships over time. Subnet numbers are algorithmic labels and should not be interpreted as fixed groups across all years.

This interactive animation shows how the structure of the global import trade network changed from 1993 through 2025 using a constant set of countries included throughout the study period. Countries are grouped into subnetworks using the Leiden community-detection algorithm applied to directed, weighted bilateral import data from the IMF. Each color represents a detected trade subnet in a given year, and the timeline allows viewers to follow changes in countries’ subnet memberships over time. Subnet numbers are algorithmic labels and should not be interpreted as fixed groups across all years.

This interactive animation shows how the structure of the global export trade network changed from 1993 through 2025. Countries are grouped into subnetworks using the Leiden community-detection algorithm applied to directed, weighted bilateral import data from the IMF. Each color represents a detected trade subnet for a given year, and the timeline allows viewers to follow changes in countries’ subnet memberships over time. Subnet numbers are algorithmic labels and should not be interpreted as fixed groups across all years.

This interactive animation shows how the structure of the global import trade network changed from 1993 through 2025 using a constant set of countries included throughout the study period. Countries are grouped into subnetworks using the Leiden community-detection algorithm applied to directed, weighted bilateral import data from the IMF. Each color represents a detected trade subnet in a given year, and the timeline allows viewers to follow changes in countries’ subnet memberships over time. Subnet numbers are algorithmic labels and should not be interpreted as fixed groups across all years.

This interactive animation shows how the structure of the global import trade network changed from 1993 through 2025. Countries are grouped into subnetworks using the Leiden community-detection algorithm applied to directed, weighted bilateral import data from the IMF. Each color represents a detected trade subnet for a given year, and the timeline allows viewers to follow changes in countries’ subnet memberships over time. Subnet numbers are algorithmic labels and should not be interpreted as fixed groups across all years.

This animation presents Leiden subnetwork detection results for the global import trade network, 1993–2025. Using an autonomous actors' country sample, the map shows how countries cluster into export-based subnets over time.

This animation presents Leiden subnetwork detection results for the global import trade network, 1993–2025. Using an autonomous actors' country sample, the map shows how countries cluster into import-based subnets over time.

This animation presents Leiden subnetwork detection results for the global import trade network, 1993–2025. Using a constant-cases country sample, the map shows how countries cluster into export-based subnets over time.

This animation presents Leiden subnetwork detection results for the global import trade network, 1993–2025. Using a constant-cases country sample, the map shows how countries cluster into import-based subnets over time.

This interactive visualization presents Leiden community detection results for global export trade networks from 1993 to 2024, using constant-case country data.

This interactive visualization presents Leiden community detection results for global import trade networks from 1993 to 2024, using autonomous-actors country data.

This interactive visualization presents Leiden community detection results for global import trade networks from 1993 to 2024, using constant-case country data.

Subnetworks in import trade relations from 1960 to 2024 based on constant cases

This animated map visualizes the evolution of global import trade communities from 1960 to 2024. Using the Louvain algorithm on binary networks of constant case imports, it tracks yearly changes in community membership among countries. The map helps reveal regional clusters and shifts in global trade patterns across time.

This animated map visualizes changes in import trade communities detected using the Louvain algorithm based on global constant cases of import trade networks from 1960 to 2024. It shows community membership changes over time.

This animated map visualizes changes in import trade communities detected using the Louvain algorithm based on global constant cases of import trade networks from 1960 to 2024. It shows community membership changes over time.

Animated Louvain community detection of global import networks based on constant cases (1960–2024)

This animated map visualizes changes in import trade communities detected using the Louvain algorithm based on global constant-case import trade networks from 1960 to 2024. It shows community membership changes over time. It shows how communities and their membership change over time.