A Chi-Square Test of Independence was conducted to determine if there was an association between nationality and scholarship awarded. The results showed that there was an association between , χ²(1) = 81.30, p < .001. The association was strong (Cramer's V = .52).

A Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test was conducted to determine if there was a difference between the observed ice cream purchase frequencies and the expected frequencies (20% chocolate, 20% strawberry, 20% mango, and 40% vanilla). The results show that there was a difference between the observed and expected frequencies, χ²(3) = 41.60, p < .001. The difference was moderate (Cohen's W = 0.41).

In this activity, we will explore real clinical data from breast cancer patients in **The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)**.

In this activity, we will explore real clinical data from breast cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The goal is not only to learn R. The goal is to use R to ask scientific questions: - What information is collected from cancer patients? - How do we summarize a large clinical dataset? - What kinds of missing or uncertain values appear in real biomedical data? - How can clinical features help us understand breast cancer subtypes?