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This paper examines the causal effect of VAR adoption on referee decisions across five major European soccer leagues using data from FBref spanning nine seasons. We use a difference-in-differences design with two-way fixed effects and validate our results with the Callaway and Sant'Anna estimator to account for staggered treatment timing. We find no significant effect on red or yellow cards, and a significant 11-13% decline in offsides following VAR adoption.

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