This paper applies association rule mining using the Apriori algorithm to identify structured co-occurrence patterns between medical conditions, drug classes, and reported side effects. The analysis evaluates rules based on support, confidence, and lift to uncover meaningful deviations from independence in healthcare-related data.

This paper uses PCA to analyze electric vehicle performance data and identify the main structural dimensions behind battery, range, power, and efficiency. K-means clustering in PCA space reveals distinct EV segments.

Airport-level clustering analysis using European IFR flight data (2016–2022). The study applies K-means, hierarchical clustering, and validation techniques to identify structural traffic patterns and pandemic impact differences across European airports.