This study investigates how total health expenditure and the public share of health spending are associated with life expectancy in 37 OECD countries from 2000 to 2022. Using a two-way fixed-effects panel model, the results show positive associations for total health expenditure, GDP per capita, and urbanisation, while the public expenditure share carries a negative coefficient. A pre-COVID robustness check suggests that this negative association is not driven solely by the pandemic period.

This tutorial reviews how to estimate the slopes from a survey-weighted regression model using the margins command.

Interactive map of genomic classification of 86 oak trees in Trent Park, London. UCL BIOL0061 Woodland Genome Project 2026.